How does bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin develop and what are the primary mechanisms through which bacteria become resistant to this antibiotic, potentially reducing its efficacy in treating infections?
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How does bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin develop and what are the primary mechanisms through which bacteria become resistant to this antibiotic, potentially reducing its efficacy in treating infections?
Bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin develops through mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, efflux pump overexpression, and reduced drug uptake.