Various options for sperm retrieval in cases of male infertility during IVF include:

1. Simple Ejaculation: In many cases, sperm for IVF can be obtained through simple ejaculation.

2. Testicular Sperm Aspiration (TESA): This procedure involves the insertion of a small needle into the testicle to collect sperm directly. TESA is commonly used in cases where there is a blockage preventing sperm release.

3. Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE): TESE involves making a small incision in the testicle to extract sperm directly from the testicular tissue. This method is used when sperm production is impaired.

4. Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA): PESA involves using a needle to aspirate sperm directly from the epididymis, which is a duct in the male reproductive system. This method is typically used in cases where there is a blockage in the epididymis.

5. Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA): MESA is a more specialized procedure that involves using an operating microscope to locate and extract sperm from the epididymis. This method is often employed when PESA is unsuccessful or when a larger quantity of sperm is needed.

These techniques are performed by skilled reproductive urologists or fertility specialists and can provide viable sperm for use in assisted reproductive techniques like IVF. It’s important for individuals experiencing male